Enhancement of waste stabilization ponds efficacy using local fixed film materials

R.M: Al-Sa 'ed; N. Mahmoud; A. Abu-Madi; O.R. Zimmo

doi:10.15626/Eco-Tech.2007.042

##submission.downloads##

pdf (English)

Författare

R.M: Al-Sa 'ed Birzeit University, Palestine
N. Mahmoud Birzeit University, Palestine
A. Abu-Madi Birzeit University, Palestine
O.R. Zimmo Birzeit University, Palestine

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15626/Eco-Tech.2007.042

Nyckelord:

Algae-rock filter, domestic wastewater, effluent reuse, removal efficacy

Abstract

This paper evaluates the feasibility of using local rock filter as natural media in waste stabilization ponds, A pilot-scale algae-rock filter ponds (ARPs) system was investigated, in parallel with algae-based ponds (ABPs) over a period of 6 months to evaluate the treatment efficacy of both systems. Each system entailed 4 equal ponds in series and was continuously fed with domestic wastewater from Birzeit University. The removal rates of organic matter, nutrients and faecal coliforms were monitored within each treatment system. The results obtained revealed that ARPs system was more efficient in the removal of organic matter (TSS and COD; 86% and 84%, respectively) and fecal coliforms (4 log10) than ABPs (81%, 81%, 3 log10, respectively). Nitrogen was reduced in the ARPs to an average of24 mg N/1; in contrast the ABPs effluent contained 32 mg N/1. Compared to ABP system, passive aerated ARPs option is an efficient, a low-cost and land-saving alternative with effluent quality suitable for restricted agricultural use in rural areas.

Statistik

Laddar statistik...

Referenser

Al-Sa 'ed, R. (2007). Pathogens assessment in reclaimed effluent used for industrial crops irrigation. Intl. J. Env. Res. Public Health (IJERPH), 4( 1 ), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2007010011

Al-Sa'ed, R. and Mubarak, S. (2006). Sustainability assessment of onsite sanitation facilities in Ramallah-Albireh district with emphasis on technical, socio-cultural and financial aspects. Manag. Environ. Quality: An lntenational Journal, 17(2), 140-156. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777830610650465

Tchobanoglous, G. and Angelakis, A.N. ( 1996). Technologies for wastewater treatment appropriate for reuse: Potential for applications in Greece. Wat. Sci. Tech., 33(10-11), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00402-7

Mara, D.D. and Pearson, H. (1998). Design Manual for Waste Stabilization Ponds in Mediterranean Countries. Lagoon Technology International Ltd., Leeds, UK.

Mara, D.D. (2000). The production of microbiologically safe effluents for wastewater reuse in the Middle East and North Africa. Wat. Air Soil Poll., 123( 1-4), 595-603. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005233520118

Zimmo, O.R., Al-Sa'ed, R.M. and Gijzen, H. (2000). Comparison between algaebased and duckweed-based wastewater treatment: differences in environmental conditions and nitrogen transformations. Wat. Sci. and Tech., 42( 10/11 ), 215-222 https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0646

Kima, Y., Giokasb, D.L., Lee, J.-W. and Paraskevasd, P.A. (2006). Potential of natural treatment systems for the reclamation of domestic sewage in irrigated agriculture. Desalination, 189, 229-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.07.007

Shin, H,K, and Polprasert, C. (1988), Ammonia nitrogen removal in attached-growth Ponds, J Environ, Engng .. 114, 846-863, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1988)114:4(846)

Polprasert, C. and Champratheep, K. ( 1989), Heavy metal removal in attached-growth waste stabilization ponds, Wat, Res .. 23, 625-631, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(89)90029-8

Qi, P,S,, Wang, BL, Ma, F,, Zhang, J,S, and Li, TJ, ( 1993), Intensification of a pond by fibrous carriers, Wat, Sci, Tech, 28(7), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0151

Smith, O,W, (1993), Wastewater treatment with complementary filter feeders -a new method to control excessive suspended solids and nutrients in stabilization ponds, Wat, Environ, Res,e, 65(5), 650-654,

Saidam, M,Y,, Ramadan, S,A. and Butler, O, (1995), Upgrading waste stabilization pond effluent by rock filters, Wat, Sci, Tech .. 31 (12), 369-378, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(95)00523-P

Zhao, Q,L. and Wang, B,Z, (1996). Evaluation on a pilot-scale attached-growth pond system treating domestic wastewater, Wat, Res,, 30( 1), 242-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00134-7

Shilton, A., Pratt, S., Drizo, A., Mahmood, B., Banker, S., Billings, L., Glenny, S. and Luo, D. (2005). Active filters for upgrading phosphorus removal from pond systems. Wat. Sci. Tech., 51 (12), 111-116. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0441

Johnson, M. and Mara, O.O. (2005). Aerated rock filters for enhanced nitrogen and faecal colifom1 removal from facultativc waste stabilization pond effluents. Wat. Sci. Tech., 51 ( 12), 99-102. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0436

Barjenbruch, M. and Erler, C. (2005). A performance review of small German WSPs identifying improvement options. Wat. Sci. Tech .. 51 ( 12), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0423

ATV-DVWKArbeitsblatt A 201 (2004). Gmndsiit::.e .fi'ir die Bemessung, Bau und Betrieb von Abwasserteichen _fi'ir kommunales Abwasser, Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Abwassertechnik e.Y., Hennef, Germany.

PWA, Palestinian Water Authority. (2007). Annual Monitoring Reports on Surface water and Groundwater Wells, Water Resources Department_ Personal communication.

WHO, World Health Organization. (2006). Health Guidelines for the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture and Aquaculture. Report of the WHO Scientific Group, Geneva, Switzerland.

PSI, Palestine Standards Institution. (2003). Guidelines for treated wastewatere· Disposal and reuse, Final Draft (Arabic version No. 2). PSI, Ramallah, West Bank, Palestine, 2003.

APHA, American Public Health Association. ( 1998). Standard Methods for rhe Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed., APHA, Washington, DC., USA.

EI-Hamouri, B., Handouf, A., Mekrane, M., Touzani, M. ( 1996). Use of wastewater for crop production under arid and saline conditions: yield and hygienic quality of the crop and soil contamination. Wat. Sci. Tech .. 33, 327-334. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0690

Rangeby, M., Johansson, P. and Pernrup, M. (1996). Removal of coliforms in wastewater stabilization ponds system in Midelo. Wat. Sci. Tech., 34, 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(96)00832-3

Jagals, D. and Lues, J.F.R. ( 1996). The efficiency of a combined waste stabilization pond-maturation pond system to sanitize wastewater intended for recreational reuse. Wat. Sci. Tech., 33, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0129

Government of Jordan. (2003). Technical Regulation .for Reclaimed Domesric Wastewater. JS893/2002, Jordan Institution for Standards and Meteorology, Jordan